Milia bumps are small, hard, white or yellowish cysts that appear on the skin, often on the face. They form when keratin, a protein found in the skin, becomes trapped beneath the surface, creating small bumps. Although these bumps are common and harmless, they can be a source of frustration for individuals looking to maintain clear, smooth skin. If you’ve ever wondered what causes these bumps and how to get rid of them, this article will explore everything you need to know about milia, from their causes and types to treatment options.
What Are Milia Bumps?
Milia are tiny, raised, white or yellowish bumps that often appear on the face. They are formed when keratin, a protein that naturally occurs in the skin, becomes trapped in small pockets beneath the surface. These pockets are not immediately visible, so the keratin builds up in a cyst-like structure, resulting in the bumps we recognize as milia.
Although milia can appear anywhere on the skin, they are most commonly found around the eyes, cheeks, forehead, nose, and chin. They can affect people of all ages, from infants to adults. While they are generally considered a cosmetic issue, milia can sometimes be mistaken for other skin conditions such as pimples, acne, or whiteheads.
What Causes Milia Bumps?
Milia are typically the result of keratin becoming trapped in the skin. This can happen for a variety of reasons. Some of the most common causes of milia include:
- Skin Damage: When the skin experiences damage, such as from burns, blisters, or rashes, it can cause the outer layer of the skin to become thickened. This thickened layer can trap keratin beneath the surface, leading to the formation of milia.
- Excessive Use of Skincare Products: Certain skincare products, particularly heavy creams or lotions, can clog the pores, leading to the trapping of keratin. This can result in milia, especially if the products are not suited for your skin type.
- Sun Damage: Long-term sun exposure can cause the skin to become thicker, leading to a higher chance of keratin becoming trapped beneath the surface. Additionally, sunburns or other types of skin damage can increase the likelihood of developing milia.
- Genetics: Some individuals are genetically predisposed to developing milia. If you have family members who frequently experience milia, it may be more likely that you will develop them as well.
- Use of Certain Medications: Some medications, such as topical steroids or those used for acne treatment, can cause changes in the skin that may lead to the development of milia.
- Infancy: Milia are quite common in newborns. In fact, up to 50% of infants develop milia during their first few weeks of life. These bumps are usually harmless and typically disappear on their own without treatment.
Types of Milia
Milia can be classified into two main categories:
- Primary Milia: These are the most common type and are typically the result of keratin becoming trapped in the skin. They usually appear as small, white or yellowish bumps on the surface of the skin. Primary milia are generally harmless and are often seen around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead.
- Secondary Milia: This type of milia occurs when keratin is trapped beneath the skin due to an underlying cause, such as trauma, skin damage, or the use of certain medications. Secondary milia are more likely to develop after the skin has been injured or irritated in some way. They may appear as larger or more numerous bumps compared to primary milia.
How to Prevent Milia
While milia are generally harmless and not something to worry about, there are a few steps you can take to help prevent them from forming. Prevention often involves adopting a consistent skincare routine and avoiding factors that can contribute to the development of milia.
- Use Non-comedogenic Products: When choosing skincare products, opt for those labeled as “non-comedogenic,” which means they are less likely to clog pores and contribute to the formation of milia. Look for lightweight, oil-free formulas that won’t block the pores.
- Exfoliate Regularly: Regular exfoliation can help prevent dead skin cells from building up on the skin’s surface. Use a gentle exfoliator that is suited for your skin type. Avoid harsh scrubs, which can irritate the skin and potentially lead to the development of milia.
- Moisturize Appropriately: Keeping your skin hydrated is essential, but make sure you’re using the right type of moisturizer for your skin type. If you have oily or acne-prone skin, opt for oil-free, lightweight moisturizers to avoid clogging your pores.
- Protect Your Skin from the Sun: Sun exposure can damage the skin and lead to the thickening of the outer layer, which increases the chances of milia formation. Always apply sunscreen before heading outside, and reapply throughout the day to protect your skin from harmful UV rays.
- Avoid Excessive Use of Thick Skincare Products: Thick creams or oily moisturizers can contribute to clogged pores, which can lead to milia. Choose lightweight formulas that are suitable for your skin type.
- Be Gentle with Your Skin: Avoid harsh treatments that may damage the skin, such as excessive scrubbing, picking at blemishes, or using overly abrasive exfoliators. These can increase the risk of secondary milia.
Treatment Options for Milia
If you already have milia, you may be wondering how to get rid of them. Fortunately, there are several treatment options available, ranging from home remedies to professional procedures. The best treatment option depends on the severity of the milia and whether they are persistent or affecting your daily life.
- Gentle Extraction by a Dermatologist: One of the most effective ways to get rid of milia is through professional extraction performed by a dermatologist. During this procedure, a dermatologist will use a sterile needle or lancet to open the bump and remove the trapped keratin. This method is safe and effective, but it should only be performed by a licensed professional to avoid infection or scarring.
- Topical Retinoids: Retinoids, which are derivatives of vitamin A, can help to increase cell turnover and prevent the buildup of dead skin cells that contribute to milia formation. A dermatologist may prescribe a topical retinoid to help treat milia, particularly if you have frequent or persistent outbreaks.
- Chemical Peels: A chemical peel is a treatment that involves applying a chemical solution to the skin to exfoliate the outer layer. This can help to remove dead skin cells and prevent the formation of milia. Chemical peels should be performed by a licensed professional to minimize the risk of irritation or damage.
- Laser Treatments: Certain laser treatments, such as fractional lasers, can be used to treat milia by targeting the skin’s surface. These treatments work by removing the outer layer of skin, allowing the keratin to be released and preventing further buildup.
- At-home Exfoliation: For mild cases of milia, at-home exfoliation may be sufficient. You can use gentle exfoliating products, such as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), to remove dead skin cells and help prevent milia formation. However, it is essential not to over-exfoliate, as this can lead to irritation and worsen the condition.
When to See a Dermatologist
If your milia do not improve with at-home care, or if they are particularly bothersome, it may be time to consult a dermatologist. A professional can help determine the best treatment option for your specific case and ensure that the milia are not a sign of an underlying skin condition. If milia are persistent, painful, or becoming more widespread, seeking professional help is always a good idea.
Conclusion
Milia are small, harmless bumps that form when keratin gets trapped beneath the surface of the skin. While they are common and typically not a cause for concern, they can be frustrating to deal with, especially when they appear on visible areas of the face. Fortunately, there are several ways to treat and prevent milia, from gentle exfoliation to professional treatments such as extraction, chemical peels, and laser therapy. By adopting a consistent skincare routine and being mindful of the products you use, you can reduce the chances of developing milia and maintain smooth, healthy skin. If you’re dealing with persistent or bothersome milia, consulting with a dermatologist can provide you with the best treatment options for your skin.